Meaning of Development Tasks
According to R.J Havighurst (1953)" A development task is a task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of the individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and to success with later task, " Development task are based in the aspiration and need of the society. B.L Neugarten ( Development tasks are based in the aspiration and need of the society. B.L Neugarten (1969) says that " Every society is age -graded and every society has a system of social experiences regarding age -appropriate behaviour. The individual passes through a socially regulated cycle from birth to death as inexorably as he passes through the biological cycle, and there exist a socially prescribed time-table for the rendering of major life events. Although the norms vary somewhat from one socio-economic, ethnic or religious group to another, for any social group it can easily be demonstrated that norm and actual occurrences are closely related."
Characteristics of Development Tasks
1. Every society or culture has certain norms.
2. Method should follow these norms.
3. These norms are in term of certain essential skills.
4. Mastery over these skill lead to happiness, and failure leads to unhappiness.
5. Skill are related to age groups
6. Norms very from one from one socio -economic group to another
Purpose of Development Tasks
According to Elizabeth B. Hurlock, development tasks server the following three purposes.
1. They are guidelines to enable this individual to know what society experts from him at a given age.
2. Development tasks motivate the individual to do what the social group expects him to do certain things during his life.
3. Development tasks server to show the individual what lies ahead and what he will expected to do when he reaches the next stage of Development in the life span.
Hazards Related Development Task
1. Inappropriate expectation - physical or psychological limitations of the individual.
2. By passing a developmental stage.Each stage must be lived through.
3. Lack of opportunity to learn the development task.
4. Lack of guidance.
5. Lack of motivation.
6. Poor health.
7. A low intellectual level.
Factor promoting Development Tasks
1. Provision of opportunity to learn the developmental task.
2. Adequate guidance in learning the developmental tasks.
3. Development motivation.
4. Good health.
5. Appropriate level of intelligence.
6. Creativity.
Development Tasks at Various Stages
A. Birth to 5 year
1. Learning to walk
2. Learning to talk soild food
3. Learning to talk
4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
5. Learning sex difference
6. Achieve physiological stability
7. Forming simple concepts of social and physical reality
8. Learning to relate oneself emotionally to parents, sibling and other people.
9. Learning to distinguish right and wrong and developing a conscience.
B.6 to 12 years
1. Learning physical skill, ordinary games.
2. Building wholesome attitude towards oneself as a growth organism.
3. Learning to get along with age - mates.
4. Learning appropriate sex role, ie., masculine or feminine role.
5. Development fundamental skill in reading, write and calculating.
6. Developing concerts necessary for everyday living.
7. Developing conscience, morality and values.
8. Achieving personal independence.
9. Development attitudes towards social group and institutions.
C.Adolescence one's ( 12 to 20 year )
1. Accepting one's physique.
2. Accepting a masculine or feminine role.
3. Gaining emotional independence from parents and other adults.
4.Establishing new relations with-age -mates of both sexes.
5. Achieving assurance of economic independence.
6. Selecting preparing for a vocation.
7. Developing necessary concept for civic competence.
8.Developing intellectual skills.
9.Development socially acceptable behavior.
10. Preparing for marriages and family life.
11. Developing harmonies moral and scientific values.
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